James River
Ecosystem Study ||
Restoration of Kimages Creek
A Tale of Three Rivers
Restoration of Kimages Creek
In 1927 a dam was built at the confluence between Kimages Creek and
the James River to create a 179 acre impoundment (Lake Charles).
The impoundment persisted until October 2007 when the dam was
partially breached following a period of heavy rain. In the first
weeks, the lake lost approximately two-thirds of its volume and
one-third of its surface area. This restored flowing conditions to
the upper (non-tidal) section of the creek. Over subsequent months,
out-flowing water continued to drain from the lake and erode the
dam. By Spring 2008, the breach had incised to a depth below the
high-tide water level of the James resulting in a reversal of flow
and the restoration of tidal exchange between Kimages Creek and the
James River. The tidal portion of Kimages Creek is located on the
property of the VCU Rice Center. The tidal stream is approximately
1300 m in length, ranges 5 to 40 m in width and has an average depth
of 0.5 m. The narrow dam breach provided a location at which the
exchange of water between Kimages and the James River could be
accurately measured. We took advantage of this unplanned
restoration experiment to investigate the functioning of Kimages
Creek, and specifically, its capacity to retain nitrogen. We
measured the amount of N entering and leaving the Creek over a tidal
cycle to determine whether Kimages was a net source or sink of N.
These measurements were performed monthly over an annual cycle to
determine whether there were seasonal patterns in retention.
We found that water exchange in Kimages Creek
was dominated by tidal fluxes but that these were highly variable.
During periods when water level in the James was elevated, the
volume of tidal exchange was 20-fold higher. Water levels in the
James were responsive to local events (e.g., rainfall in the river
catchment) as well as regional factors influencing sea level (e.g.,
wind forcing of coastal ocean). The importance of events in
influencing fluxes is well-established for non-tidal streams but our
work shows that tidal streams are also greatly affected and that
these events may originate outside the watershed. The tidal stream
was a net source of dissolved inorganic N during winter months but a
net sink overall. The direction and rate of N transformation was
found to be significantly related to temperature and ecosystem
metabolism (production and respiration). Overall, restoration of
tidal exchange to Kimages Creek resulted in a 20-fold increase in
water and N fluxes and a two-fold increase in N retention.
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