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2
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- Global warming and climate change
- Evolution vs. creation (“Intelligent” Design)
- Determining when something is “alive”
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3
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- Why have we waited until it is so late to acknowledge this as a
scientific problem?
- What is it about science that allows situations like this?
- Has it to do with the way science has been framed and taught?
- Can we do better?
- We must!
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4
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- Why is this controversy going on?
- Has it to do with the way science has been framed and taught?
- Can we get beyond it?
- We must!
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- Based on the work of George Lakoff
- Cognitive Linguistics
- Frames are the mental
structures that shape =
the
way we see the world
- Facts, data, models, etc. only have meaning in a context
- Leads us to a scientific application of framing : Rosen’s theo=
ry
of complexity
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6
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- Don’t think of an elephant
- Impossibility of avoiding the frame
- In science the dominant frame is reductionism and the associated
mechanical thinking
- The dominant modern manifestations include molecular biology and
nonlinear dynamics
- We have lost the distinction between science and technology
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7
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- How do we determine when something is alive?
- What is life? (Schrödinger's ill posed question)
- Why is an organism different from a machine? Rosen’s well posed
question that can be answered: Organisms are closed to efficient cau=
se.
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8
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9
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10
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11
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12
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- WE FORGOT THAT THERE WAS AN ENCODING AND DECODING
- WE WERE GIVEN A UNIVERSAL MODEL
- ALL OF SCIENCE WAS FRAMED IN TERMS OF THE UNIVERSAL MODEL AND THE SO
CALLED “SCIENTIFIC METHOD”
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13
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- BUT THE “REAL WORLD” REQUIRES MORE THAN ONE “FORMAL
SYSTEM” TO MODEL IT (THERE IS NO “UNIVERSAL MODEL”=
)
- THEREFORE WE HAVE BEEN TEACHING OUR SCIENCE IN A BOX
- THAT BOX HAS HAMPERED SCIENCE AND CAUSED IT TO BE IMPOTENT IN DEALING
WITH CONTROVERSIES OF THE TYPE MENTIONED EARLIER
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- WE ARE TOO AFRAID OF “BELIEFS” (SCEPTICISM IS
“IN”)
- WE DEVELOPED THE MYTH OF “OBJECTIVITY”
- WE FRAMED THE QUESTION SO AS TO PROHIBIT RECOGNIZING THAT SCIENCE IS=
A
BELIEF STRUCTURE
- WE ALLOWED NON-SCIENTIFIC OR PSEUDO SCIENTIFIC ARGUMENTS TO USE
THESE SELF INFLICTED
WEAKNESS
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15
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- THE FORMAL SYSTEM DOES NOT AND CAN NOT TELL US HOW TO ENCODE AND DEC=
ODE.
(MODELING IS AN ART!)
- THE FORMAL SYSTEM DOES NOT AND CAN NOT TELL US WHEN THE MODEL WORKS,
THAT IS A JUDGEMENT CALL EVEN IF OTHER FORMALISMS ARE ENLISTED TO HE=
LP
(FOR EXAMPLE: STATISTICS)
- MODELS EXIST IN A CONTEXT: A FRAME
- RECOGNIZING THESE ATTRIBUTES DO NOT HURT –THEY ENABLE
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16
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- WHY IS THE WHOLE MORE THAN THE SOME OF THE PARTS? WHAT ARE THE PHILOSOPHICAL
IMPLICATIONS OF THIS?
- SELF-REFERENCE AND CIRCULARITY
- THE LIFE/ORGANISM PROBLEM
- THE MIND/BODY PROBLEM
- THE NATURE OF THE EARTH SYSTEM
- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT AND COMPLEX CAUSALITY (CREATION VS
EVOLUTION)
- THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND MACHINES
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17
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- Rather than change methods we have&=
nbsp;
the changed names for what we do
- The consequences are significant
- It is impossible for you to believe what is being taught in this lec=
ture
and to then simply add it to your repertoire
- The reason is that in order to see the world in a new way you have to
step out of the traditional frame and into a new one. Once done, you can never go
back. The ability to r=
eframe
a question is the basis for change and broadening of ideas.
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- TOO MANY DEFINITIONS, SOME CONFLICTING
- OFTEN INTERCHANGED WITH “COMPLICATED”
- HAS A REAL MEANING BUT AFTER THE QUESTION IS REFRAMED
- THAT MEANING ITSELF IS COMPLEX(THIS IS SELF-REFERENTIAL: HOW CAN WE
DEFINE “COMPLEX” USING “COMPLEX”?)
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19
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- Complexity is the prop=
erty
of a real world system that is manifest in the inability of any one
formalism being adequate to capture all its properties. It requires =
that
we find distinctly different ways of interacting with systems.
Distinctly different in
- the=
sense
that when we make successful models, the formal systems needed to
describe each distinct aspect are NOT
- der=
ivable
from each other
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20
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21
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- COMPLEX
- NO LARGEST MODEL
- WHOLE MORE THAN SUM OF PARTS
- CAUSAL RELATIONS RICH AND INTERTWINED
- GENERIC
- ANALYTIC ¹ SYNTHE=
TIC
- NON-FRAGMENTABLE
- NON-COMPUTABLE
- REAL WORLD
- SIMPLE
- LARGEST MODEL
- WHOLE IS SUM OF PARTS
- CAUSAL RELATIONS DISTINCT
- N0N-GENERIC
- ANALYTIC =3D SYNTHETIC
- FRAGMENTABLE
- COMPUTABLE
- FORMAL SYSTEM
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- THE MACHINE METAPHOR TELLS US TO ASK “HOW?”
- REAL WORLD COMPLEXITY TELLS US TO ASK “WHY?”
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- MATERIAL: THE STUFF IT’S MADE OF
- EFFICIENT: IT NEEDED A BUILDER
- FORMAL: THERE WAS A BLUEPRINT
- FINAL: IT HAS A PURPOSE
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- BECAUSE REDUCING A REAL SYSTEM TO ATOMS AND MOLECULES LOOSES IMPORTA=
NT
THINGS THAT MAKE THE SYSTEM WHAT IT IS
- BECAUSE THERE IS MORE TO REALITY THAN JUST ATOMS AND MOLECULES
(ORGANIZATION, PROCESS, QUALITIES, ETC.)
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- THE “LAWS” OF NATURE THAT TRADITIONAL SCIENCE TEACHES ARE
ARTIFACTS OF A LIMITED MODEL
- THE REAL “RULES OF THE GAME” ARE CONTEXT DEPENDENT AND E=
VER
CHANGING- THEY MAKE THE CONTEXT AND THE CONTEXT MAKES THEM
(SELF-REFERENCE)
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- LIFE IS CONSISTENT WITH THE LAWS OF PHYSICS
- PHYSICS DOES NOT PREDICT LIFE
- LIVING CELLS COME FROM OTHER
LIVING CELLS
- AN ORGANISM MUST INVOLVE CLOSED LOOPS OF CAUSALITY
- LIFE DOES INVOLVE PURPOSE
- THE EARTH SYSTEM IS A COMPLEX RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BIOSPHERE AND
OTHER SYSTEMS: IT TOO =
IS AN
ORGANISM OF A SPECIAL KIND!
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- HOW CAN THE MIND MODEL ITSELF?
- AM I CONSCIOUS?
- HOW DOES THE BRAIN PRODUCE CONSCIOUSNESS, SELF AWARENESS, ETC.?
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- THE REAL WORLD IS COMPLEX
- THE WORLD OF “SIMPLE MECHANISMS” IS A SURROGATE WORLD
CREATED BY TRADITIONAL SCIENCE
- WE ARE AT A CROSSROADS: A NEW WORLDVIEW IS NEEDED
- THERE WILL ALWAYS BE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH ATTEMPTS TO PROGRESS
- WE MUST REFRAME OUR CONCEPTS ABOUT SCIENCE IN ORDER TO GO FORWARD
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- WE LIVE IN A WORLD DOMINATED BY COMPUTERS
- MOST COMPLEXIFIERS BELIEVE THAT COMPLEXITY IS SOMETHING WE CAN DEAL =
WITH
ON THE COMPUTER
- THIS NOTION OF COMPLEXITY FOCUSES ON THE MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF THE R=
EAL
WORLD
- WHAT MAKES THE REAL WORLD COMPLEX IS ITS NON-COMPUTABILITY
- THIS IS WHY THE CONTROVERSIES WE ARE FACING HAVE NOT BEEN RESOLVED=
li>
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