Study Guide III - For the Final Exam

  1. Understand the pathophysiology of radiopharmaceuticals
  2. Define the process of applying for a new drug
    1. What is the process in which a drug is approved
    2. Know the different phases
  3. Cyclotron and a nuclear reactor
    1. Identify the parts
    2. Discuss the process in which they produce radionuclides
      1. Why is the difference between low vs high specificity?
      2. Who regulates reactions and cyclotrons?
  4. Generator
    1. 99mTc/99MMo will be the focus
      1. Wet vs. Dry
      2. Transient vs secular
      3. Calculate 99MMo/Al+3 breakthrough - How do these components interfere with our imaging if injected into a patient?
      4. Note how 99MMo builds up over time when compared to 99mTc
  5. Prepare radiopharmaceutical kit from a generator elution
    1. Determine the amount of 99mTc needs to be used in a kit
    2. Concern yourself with min/max volume and activity
    3. Determine a vial's concentration of 99mTc at any given time
    4. Decay and prepare a unit dose
    5. Determine a patient's dose in :Ci and mL value using the decay formula
    6. While the decay factor may be given in some questions you must be able to use the decay formula
    7. Calculate a pediatric dose
    8. There will be a lot of calculations
  6. Identify the role of a reducing agents
    1. Identify them
    2. What occurs when you add air
    3. What occurs when there is too much or little reducing agent (stoichiometry)
    4. Associate the words: reduced and oxidation
  7. Identify the impurities on a TLC strip
    1. Calculate % bound using 1 and/or 2 strips
    2. Identify radiopharmaceutical and radionuclide purity
    3. Work with :Ci and cpm values
    4. Understand a graphed TLC strip:  origin vs sovlent front - calculate % Bound
  8. Identify the difference valence states of technetium
    1. How many are there?
    2. Which radiopharmaceutical does not require reduction?  What is its valance state?
  9. Understand QC/QA procedures
    1. Particle sizing
    2. Molly Breakthrough
    3. Aluminum breakthrough
    4. Constancy
    5. Accuracy
    6. Geometric variation
    7. Linearity
  10. Toxicity of the radiopharmaceutical
    1. Sterilization
    2. Sterility testing
    3. Apyrogenic or endotoxins
    4. Autoclaving and proteins
    1. Role of the rabbit and LAL tests
    2. LD 50/30
  11. Other concepts concerns of radiopharmaceuticals
    1. Affect of light and/or heat
    2. Why do you add heat or change pH in the compounding process
    3. Why is a microspore filter used in compounding?
    4. Target to Bkg
      1. Hot target and low Bkg
      2. Cold target and high Bkg
  12. Know the best method(s) for labeling iodine
  13. Know the different types of radiopharmaceutical biodistribution, (ie. compartmentalization and capillary blockage) and give examples
  14. Know the following terms/words
    1. Carrier-Free
    2. Radiolysis
    3. Shelf life
    4. Chelation and transchelation
    5. Bifunctional chelator (cheater)
    6. RBC labeling (in vivo/mod. in vitro/in vitro)
    7. Negative ion cyclotron
    8. Negatively charged hydrogen
    9. Nucleophilic substitution using FDG as an example
  15. Know the PET radiopharmaceutical biopathways that were discussed in class
  16. There will be a matching question - match the generic/brand name to the chemical name, ie Ceretech is also known as HMPAO and exametazime
  17. Understand the basic steps to labeling WBCs
  18. Diagram a 82Rb generator

Return to the Table of Content