From Singer and Brooking Reading Guidelines

*Goal of social media: drawing attention

*Ability to draw attention is a form of power

*Attention economy

*ISIS on social media during Mosul attach and recruiting

*ISIS tweeting invasion of Mosul

*ISIS recruiting on net

*Bottom line: can I get you to believe what I want you to believe; to persuade; to influence 

*Influence operations as sharp power

*Impact of communications in war historically

*ARPANET

*Impact of iPhone and apps

*Twitter impact: direct communications between anyone and everyone

*Domination of access to all of this by a few tech giants

*Everyone is a reporter

*Everything you say is public 

*Nothing is deleted 

*Information and disinformation 

*OSINT

*Social media and political organization/movements

*The good (for human rights) and the bad (for racism and terrorism)

*Arab Uprising/Arab Spring example

*China’s Great Firewall

*Chinese government controls access and does surveillance of everything every citizen does on social media

*Russian disinformation

*Russian disinformation to disrupt Russian enemies

*Russian disinformation to discredit democracy (because Russia is not a democracy)

*Sock puppets

*“Kompramat”

*“Gaslighting” and challenging reality

*Eliminating the set of shared facts

*Anti-vaccines and challenging reality 

*Selling conspiracies 

*Alt right propaganda

*Comet Ping Pong

*US conservatives who reject traditional media 

*Politicians spreading false information 

*Candidate Trump retweeting Russian bots

*Five key elements of digital warfare (“Likewar techniques” in index)

*Social media means governments no longer control communications

*Global information warfare

*Political activists propaganda warfare 

*Nation-states propaganda warfare

*Memetics 

*Russia and Ukraine: mobilizing people on social media to change facts 

*Russia using social media to divide Europe: Brexit, refugees 

*Trolls and trolling as a strategy 

*How billions on social media can be manipulated easily 

*Social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter) and accountability

*When Facebook and twitter are used for terrorism, incitement of violence, to organize racist groups

*2016 election Russian interference

*SMEIR

*Likewar rules 

*Deep Fakes

*Importance of information literacy