HSEP 301

Fall 2022

Review 2

This is a Take Home exam:

Basic Requirements

•  I will place the exam in Files folder of Canvas at about 9:00 AM on December 14.
• It will be due back to me (emailed) by midnight on December 15 (as December 15 becomes December 16). Again, this is a soft deadline, by roughly 6:00 AM on October 5 it will be late). . Type or write the exam. 
• Type or write the exam. 
• Either way, email me a file or pdf or even jpeg of the written answers by the deadline
• 11- or 12-point font
• One-inch margins
• Double-spaced
• Please use your name in the name of the file you send me.  I’d be happiest if you named the file like this: Your name Exam 1 HSEP 301 or POLI 367 (so if it was my exam, it would be Newmann Exam 1 HSEP 301)
• The exam is open notes (so you can use your notes, the book, the review sheet, the recorded lectures, and the PPT slides)
• I do not expect any outside research on this at all. You don’t need citations of any information; in that respect, treat this like it was in-class exam.
• Study for this exam as if it was an in-class exam. That way when you get the exam, you don’t need to begin studying or reviewing material. You should be ready, and then use all the notes, PPT, lectures as you need for reference.
• Each part of the exam has a specific page number target.  You can go over the limit, not a problem, but don’t go too far over the limit. You don’t need to.
• You have choice of what you want to answer in each Part, so read the directions carefully
• I think two to three hours will be enough time for you to write the exam and do well. You can take more time of course, as much as you need. The point here is that I don't think you need to spend hours and hours.
• It might be helpful to read the questions, then review your notes, and the review sheet.  Maybe make an outline of the essay. And then start to write.
• As always, the review sheets should be very helpful. You can use the review sheet while you take the exam. It might be a good organizational tool. 
• Feel free to email me questions if you have them, but as usual, there are limits to how I can help you.

And, important:

• Sharing this exam with anyone outside the class is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
• Working with another student in the class or anyone else while you take this exam is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
• As with any take home, the plagiarism rules that exist for research papers apply here.  Your exams must be your written work. I will run this through the standard plagiarism programs as I do with all research papers

It will consist of three parts:

• Part 1: Short Answers: Choose 2 of 12 (or more to choose from): (15 points each; 5-6 sentences): I’ll have a list of terms taken directly from the review sheet. Define the term and tell me why it’s important in the context of terrorism and counterterrorism.
• Part 2: Presentation Question: See Below (20 points)
• Part 3: Essays: Choose 3 of 6 short essays. (50 points: 16 each plus two bonus points). This is a bit different than the previous exam, but I think it works better. It adds more flexibility for you. You’ll choose 3 of 6 short essay questions with answers that should be about a page long.

· Part 2: Presentation Question: Remember that information from the class presentations will be on the exam. The PPT slides for all the class presentations will be linked to the syllabus, so these can be used as a reference. The review sheet does not contain any terms from the student presentations. For the exam you will be expected to be able to compare several of the terrorist groups discussed during the presentations in terms of the issue area that you had been assigned. In other words, if your research was on Strategy, you should be ready to discuss the strategies of all the terrorist groups included in the presentations. If your research was on Support, you should be ready to discuss the strategies of two of the terrorist groups included in the presentations. A hint, to do this well, you should also pay attention to the Origins presentations for the groups you want to use as comparison even if your issue is not Origins. If your issue area was Negotiations or Non-Violent activities (Aum, IRA, Hamas), compare your research to the Negotiations or Non-Violent activities or even Support (for Hamas, or Aum) of the other two groups.

Here's the Question:

Part Two: Presentation Question (20 points). This should be about a page to a page and a half. 

Compare the terrorist group you studied to two of the terrorist groups discussed during the presentations in terms of the issue area that you had been assigned.  In other words, if your research was on Strategy, compare your research to the strategy of two terrorist groups included in the presentations (choose any two from the class presentations).  If your research was on Support, compare your research to the support structure or recruitment strategies of two of the terrorist groups included in the presentations.  An easy way of thinking about this is to consider how your group was similar to one other group and how it was different from another.  

List of Terms

Remember that you have the PPT slides. They are a version of this review sheet.

Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.

Suicide attacks

Attacks vs. Deaths

Reasons why suicide attacks are used (discussed in class)

*Rivalry between terrorist groups

*LTTE innovations

WMD/CBRNE

Worst-case scenarios considered; Why?

Terrorist groups interested in WMD

Some groups want mass casualties

Religious-based terrorist groups

Groups must want mass casualties (why some will and some won’t)

Acquiring materials

Weaponization

Delivery

Not getting caught

Chemical weapons

Aum and Sarin 1995

Biological Weapons

Types of biological weapons

Key factors:

Legality and legitimacy of research

Transmission of disease

Recent Use

Aum Shinrikyo

Al-Qaeda

Anthrax 2001

Nuclear Weapons

Who has them; who wants them

How terrorists might get a bomb

Why nations would or would not give WMD to a terrorist organization (Know the PPT slide on this)

Cyber terrorism

Definition

Vulnerability of infrastructure

Cyberspace

Estonia 1997

Hypothetical cyber attacks

Methods

DDOS

The range of threats

Hacktivism

Cyber crime

Cyber espionage

Cyber War

Cyber terrorism

AQ’s program

Two Key questions

1. Can you do significant damage with a cyber-attack?

Significant damage?

But example of 2010 Volcano on Europe

2. What benefit would a terrorist group get out of it?

Is a cyber-attack better than a bomb?

Cyber-attacks as an adjunct to conventional attacks

Terrorism in the US

Assassinations of presidents

Ethnonationalist Terrorism

Extreme Left 1960s-1970s

Weather Underground

Eco-terrorism (also left)

ALF and ELF

Extreme Right: KKK

Three incarnations

Why FBI worries about the extreme right today

*Oklahoma City 1995

*Timothy McVeigh

*Nichols ties to Michigan Militia

Dylann Roof

Robert Bowers

Patrick Crusias

Wolverine Watchman

Four Ideologies of Modern Extreme Right

*The overlap

1. *White Supremacists

a. *Great Replacement

b. *Accelerationists

c. *White Power as a culture

d. *David Duke and NAAWP

2. *Anti-Government

a. *Militia movement

b. *Sovereign citizens

c. *ZOG

i. *Its relation to anti-communism (Belew)

3. *Christian Identity/Extremism

a. *End times are a race war

4. *Anti-Abortion

a. *Eric Rudolph

*Belew’s thesis

*Extreme right terrorism and the Vietnam War

*Difference between these groups (challenging government power) and the KKK (reinforcing government power)

*View of women in these ideologies

Groups

*The Order

Killing of Alan Berg

*Robert Matthews

David Lane’s 14 Words

*Aryan Nations

*1983 declaration of war on the US government

*Ruby Ridge

*Waco

*Relation to Oklahoma City 1995

*Turner Diaries: William Pierce

Common Themes in all four ideologies

Relation to the “Alt-Right”?

The importance of the internet to radicalization

Stormfront

4chan/8chan

*Leaderless Resistance

*Louis Beam

DVEs vs. HVEs

Domestic Terrorism Charges

Counterterrorism Policies

US Government and Terrorism

Terrorism as a crime

Terrorism as low priority even in 1990s

Homeland security on the backburner

US Commission on National Security (Hart-Rudman)

Gilmore Commission

Focus on worst case: terrorist use of WMD

Probability vs. consequence

US assumptions

Marxism caused terrorism (USSR gone, so terrorism is gone)

States are the threat

US superiority will deter all challenges

What is Counterterrorism

1. Organization

CIA and FBI

Coordination

Priorities

US assumptions about terrorism as Cold War ends

Hart-Rudman Commission

Gilmore Commission

Clinton Pre-9/11 Structure

National Coordinator

Counterterrorism Security Group

Bush Administration changes:

Homeland Security Council

Office of Homeland Security

Homeland Security Adviser

Congress wants Dept. of Homeland Security

Creation of Dept. of Homeland Security

The range of its responsibilities

2. Intelligence

Defining the problem

To know what to look for

Sharing information

Types of Intelligence Activities

OSINT

HUMINT

MASINT

SIGINT

IMINT

Coordination problems

Coordination and Information sharing among all the intelligence agencies (Intelligence Community)

Organizational rivalries

Fixing the Problem

IRTPA 2004

Director of National Intelligence

National Counterterrorism Center

Intelligence Fusion Centers

3. War of Ideas

Root Causes?

Radical Ideologies

Ethno-nationalism

Non-democratic nations

Radicals vs. Moderates

Hamas vs. PLO/Fatah

De-radicalization?

Saudi programs

Narratives vs. Counter-narratives

Failed States

4. Diplomacy

UN-based Multilateralism

Importance of allies – intelligence, legal environment, operations

US and Pakistan in the fight against AQ

Afghanistan and Pakistan as sanctuaries for AQAM

5. Economic Issues

Multilateralism: preventing terrorism financing

US Office of Foreign Assets Control

6. Legal/Law Enforcement

Five Key Issues

A. What are terrorists?

Terrorists as criminals: 1996 ATEDP Act

Gray Area: criminal or soldier?

Charges against foreign nationals committing attacks against the US

Ramzi Yousef

Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman

Homegrown Violent Extremist Charges

Dzhokhar Tsarnaev

DVE Charges

McVeigh Charges

B. Sanctions/Prohibitions

State Dept-led

Designation as Foreign Terrorist Organization

State Sponsors of Terrorism

Terrorist Exclusion List

State/Treasury

Exec Order 13224

FBI

Terrorist Watch Lists

Terrorist Screening Center

C. Surveillance

FISA 1978

Problem with FISA focus on agents of a foreign government

Warrants and why they mattered

FISA Revisions: post 9/11

USA PATRIOT Act

Surveillance and civil liberties issues

Terrorist Surveillance Program: National Security Agency

Protect America Act 2007/FISA Amendments Act 2008

Section 702

National Security Letters

Prism Program

Implications

D. Legal Status of Individuals

Detainees as a source of intelligence (information)

Military Order of November 2001

unlawful enemy combatant designation

questions about the rights of detainees?

Guantanamo Bay detention

How detainees eventually got rights under the US constitution

Habeas Corpus and US Supreme Court decisions

Military Commissions Act 2006/2009

The results of the detentions (data)

E. Treatment of Individuals

CIA vs. FBI methods

Memo legalizing “enhanced interrogation”

The ten accepted methods of interrogation

Controversy over interrogation methods

Detainee Treatment Act

7. Operations

CIA Paramilitary

NEST

JTTF responsibilities

Range of federal agencies

State and local

Memorandum of Understanding negotiations with state and local law enforcement

Dilemmas

8. Use of Force

Israel in Lebanon

Sir Lanka and LTTE

US and Afghanistan

US and Iraq

US and Drone Strikes

Can you maintain allied support?

9. Negotiations

Israel and PLO

Hamas response

Good Friday Agreement

IRA splits

Cronin

*Premise: all terrorist groups will end

*Three key actors in terrorist triad: terrorist group, government, audience

*Six ways terrorist groups have ended

*Effectiveness of assassination vs. arrest

*Negotiation success and failure

*Northern Ireland

*Israeli-Palestinian

*Success: Achievement of goal?

*And ethno-nationalism

*Second and Third generation in terrorist movements

*AQ success in creating a next generation?

*Losing public support

*Does repression work?

*Moving to crime or insurgency

*FARC and LTTE examples

*Decapitating AQ?

*Negotiating with AQ?

*Losing popular support and AQ?

*AQ transnationalist goals vs. local goals.