POLI/INTL 363: Spring 2024
Review Sheet: Exam I
Bill Newmann
We’re a bit behind, so
I’ve moved the Bush 41 and Clinton sections to the second exam. The material on
the first exam will end with the end of the Cold War.
The Bush 41 and Clinton
PPT will not be on the first exam. These readings are not on the first exam.
·
Boucher,
David, and Premont: Chapter 5
· Sestanovich Chapter 10
I still haven’t decided on
an exam format. I will know by Monday, and I’ll send everyone an email. It will be either short answer and essay or a
series of short answers.
This looks big, but don't
worry. If you have come to class, or
viewed the lectures, and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to
you.
Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not
each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, are an
outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject
of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's foreign policy and
another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the
terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term
and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of US
foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough
significance to be short answers/identifications on the test (four or five
sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Remember that you have the PPT slides. They are a version of
this review sheet.
Terms with (*) in front of
them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length,
in the readings.
List of terms:
Presidential dominance in foreign Policy
Congressional powers vs. presidential powers in the
constitution
Commander-in-chief
Two Presidencies Theory
US v. Curtiss-Wright (its meaning, not the details)
Public Opinion: who makes foreign policy” President or
congress?
What is congressional power?
Executive Branch:
Organization of departments in a hierarchy
*National Security Act of 1947 (all the things it created)
Department of State
Department of Defense
Secretary of
Defense
Civilian
control of the military
Joint Chiefs
of Staff
Intelligence Community
Central Intelligence Agency
Director of National Intelligence
Congressional Oversight
*National Security Council
*members and advisers
*purpose of NSC: coordination
*Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
(National Security Adviser)
*National Security Council Staff and its changing role
*memorandum (directive) that establishes decision making
structure
*reasons why presidents have used NSC staff
*influence of NSC Staff
*where NSC Staffers come from typically
*difference between NSC and NSC staff
(Very important!!!! If you don’t know this, you’ll be sad on exam day)
Decision Making
Analytical Model (Rational Policy Model) (Rational Choice)
Cost-benefit
analysis
Organizational Process Model
Organizational
interests
Organizational
competition
Standard
operating procedures (SOP)
Policy =
compromise among SOPs
Bureaucratic Politics Model
Individual
actors
Policy =
Bargaining/compromise
Presidential Management Model
Presidential
power to structure the process
Why the
president wants to manage the process
Tools the President uses to manage the process
From
Boucher, David, and Premont
*what is a policy entrepreneur
*who are they?
*what do they do?
*promoting their ideas
*blocking other ideas
*the individual role in foreign
policy making
The Concept of National Interest:
What are the
threats to the US?
What role
should the US take in the world?
Isolationism (really regional power only) 1919-1941
Internationalism
Realism -- power
(T. Roosevelt, Nixon, and Bush 41)
Idealism
(Liberal Internationalism; Wilsonianism) -- values,
law, interdependence
(Wilson,
Carter, Reagan, Clinton)
Nationalism (Trump)
The question of leadership
What do all great powers want?
If the US doesn’t make the rules,
will someone else?
WW II, Cold War, Anarchy?
Policies
1789-1945
Pre-WW II: US as a Regional Power
League of Nations decision
Post-WW II Choice: regional power or global power
Create and lead a Liberal-Democratic Order
Today: Biden: “Rules-based International System”
Explaining the Cold War
Realist explanation
Idealist explanation
The theory
of Communism
The practice
of Communism in the Soviet Union and China
Soviet economics – command economy
Lenin
and Stalin
Mao
Zedong
Economic Explanation
US post-war acceptance of internationalism
*Sestanovich’s concept of
maximalist and retrenchment cycle
*Maximalist presidents
*retrenchment presidents
Cold War Policies
1. Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist
policy
*Truman’s definition of the threat
and US role in the world
*Containment
*Greece and Turkey
*Truman Doctrine
*Soviet Bloc achievements 1945-1950
*Division of Europe – Iron Curtain
Premise: Someone will order the
international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it
2. Bipolar Balance of Power
*NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
*Divided nations
*Spheres of Influence
3. Liberal-Democracy vs. Communist
Dictatorship Building
3A. Free Markets (see ppt slide)
US hope to spread free market
capitalism
US belief that only free markets
can guarantee political freedoms
Free trade leads to prosperity
Free trade leads to peace
International economic system
created by the US
*Marshall
Plan
IMF,
World Bank, GATT
US economic system created in 1940s
– its relationship to globalization today
Criticism: US only wanted to free
markets so its companies had access to cheap land and cheap labor
US response to governments
that threatened US economic interests?
Results of US economic system since
1945: greatest generation of wealth in world history
But not for everyone…
3B. Spreading Democracy
A.
Good News: Success in W. Europe and N.E. Asia
B.
Bad News: US support for fascist dictators if they were anti-communist and
capitalist (Realism?)
C.
Worse News: Overthrowing democratically elected governments who lean too far to
the left economically
*Iran
1953 (Eisenhower)
*Guatemala
1954 (Eisenhower)
*Chile 1973 (Nixon)
4. Nuclear Deterrence
What would WW II look like?
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Deterrence
Nuclear
Triad
Preventing
action
Using
threats
Credibility
Assured destruction (Mutual Assured Destruction)
Second strike capability
5. Regional Conflict
and Limited War
*US-Soviet competition
US and Soviet involvement in dividing
nations, civil wars, military coup, revolution
Rules of regional conflict (2)
Why Total War cannot be fought
*Domino Theory
*Limited War
*Two limited wars
*Korea
*Vietnam
*Kennedy and
Vietnam: Counterinsurgency policy
*Vietnam as
a cold war struggle
*Vietnam as
containment
*Domino
Theory relating to Vietnam
*George Ball
as a policy entrepreneur (Boucher et al.)
*Ball’s view
of Vietnam
6. Multilateralism
Build global order
Use international law, alliances
and institutions
UN
NATO
IMF, World Bank, GATT
Two Cold War Strategies
Strategy 1: Detente
Nixon-Kissinger and Detente
*Kissinger's and Nixon's shared beliefs (realism)
Why détente?
1. *Strategic Parity
Soviet
buildup
Cuban
Missile Crisis
2. *Sino-Soviet Split
*Mao Zedong
3. Vietnam Syndrome
*Detente as Containment
Detente as Balance of Power
Détente Policies:
1. SALT
Interim Agreement (its goal; no details needed)
ABM Treaty
2. *Triangular Diplomacy
*Taiwan vs.
China
*Kissinger's secret
trip to China, July 1971
*Shanghai Communique
Two Chinas or One China?
Ford- Carter and the Challenges for Detente
Iranian revolution and US hostage crisis
Iran as a US
ally
The Shah
Iranian
Revolution
*Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
*Mujahedin
*US support
for Mujahedin
Arc of Crisis
*Brzezinski’s
view of Iran and Afghanistan: Soviet threat
Carter’s new policies:
SALT II
Defense
Buildup
*Iran Rescue
Mission
Strategy 2: Reagan Doctrine
*Reagan's view of the world as he entered office
*Reagan anti-communist idealism vs. Nixon anti-Soviet
realism
*Reagan’s view of detente
Reagan's view of the problems facing the US:
Third Wave of Marxism and response
Reagan Doctrine
*Offensive strategy
*Rollback of Soviet gains
*US support for Mujahedin
*Pakistan’s role
The Role of Congress
1. New Congressional power
War Powers
Act
Clark
Amendment
2. End of the foreign policy consensus
Iran-Contra
*Robert McFarlane as a policy entrepreneur
*Giving arms to Iran in exchange for hostages
*Money earned from the arms sales traded to the Contras in
Nicaragua
*Oliver North (NSC Staff)
*Arms to Iran as regime change?
Disarray at Reagan’s NSC
*US aid to Contras
Congressional attempt to restrict aid (Boland Amendment)
Reagan response
Private
funds
Foreign
countries
Linkage of Contras and arms sales
*Oliver North
Hearings
Indictments and convictions
End of the Cold War:
Soviet Succession
Mikhail Gorbachev
New Thinking
*Economic
restructuring (perestroika)
*Political
freedoms (glasnost)
Ending the
cold war
Ending
the Arms race
End
to regional conflict
Freeing of Eastern Europe
USSR collapses
15 republics
August 1991 Coup
Why did the Soviets begin reform?
Why did the Cold War end?