POLI/INTL 363: Spring 2023

Review Sheet: Exam I

Bill Newmann

We’re a bit behind, so I’ve moved the Bush 41 and Clinton sections to the second exam. The material on the first exam will end with the end of the Cold War.

The Bush 41 and Clinton PPT will not be on the first exam. These readings are not on the first exam.

· Boucher, David, and Premont: Chapter 5

· Sestanovich Chapter 10

The exam will consist of two sections:

· Short answers: Choose 2 of 8-10. I will choose 8-10 terms from this review sheet and you will choose 2 of those to answer. I’m looking for 5-6 sentences that define the term and tell me why it is important in the context of US Foreign Policy.

· Essay: I will write two essay questions. You will choose one to answer. The essay questions will be straightforward, but they are designed to make you think about US Foreign Policy and to allow you to use your knowledge of US Foreign Policy to answer the question.

· You will have one hour one hour and 15 minutes for the exam.

This looks big, but don't worry. If you have come to class, or viewed the lectures, and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to you.

Also, though there are a lot of terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms, in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test (four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.

Remember that you have the PPT slides. They are a version of this review sheet.

Terms with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were discussed, at length, in the readings.

List of terms:

Presidential dominance in foreign Policy

Congressional powers vs. presidential powers in the constitution

Commander-in-chief

Two Presidencies Theory

US v. Curtiss-Wright (its meaning, not the details)

Public Opinion: who makes foreign policy” President or congress?

What is congressional power?

Executive Branch:

Organization of departments in a hierarchy

*National Security Act of 1947 (all the things it created)

Department of State

Department of Defense

Secretary of Defense

Civilian control of the military

Joint Chiefs of Staff

Intelligence Community

Central Intelligence Agency

Director of National Intelligence

Congressional Oversight

*National Security Council

*members and advisers

*purpose of NSC: coordination

*Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs (National Security Adviser)

*National Security Council Staff and its changing role

*memorandum (directive) that establishes decision making structure

*reasons why presidents have used NSC staff

*influence of NSC Staff

*where NSC Staffers come from typically

*difference between NSC and NSC staff (Very important!!!! If you don’t know this, you’ll be sad on exam day)

Decision Making

Analytical Model (Rational Policy Model) (Rational Choice)

Cost-benefit analysis

Organizational Process Model

Organizational interests

Organizational competition

Standard operating procedures (SOP)

Policy = compromise among SOPs

Bureaucratic Politics Model

Individual actors

Policy = Bargaining/compromise

Presidential Management Model

Presidential power to structure the process

Why the president wants to manage the process

Tools the President uses to manage the process

From Boucher, David, and Premont

*what is a policy entrepreneur

*who are they?

*what do they do?

*promoting their ideas

*blocking other ideas

*the individual role in foreign policy making

The Concept of National Interest:

What are the threats to the US?

What role should the US take in the world?

Isolationism (really regional power only) 1919-1941

Internationalism

Realism -- power (T. Roosevelt, Nixon, and Bush 41)

Idealism (Liberal Internationalism; Wilsonianism) -- values, law, interdependence

(Wilson, Carter, Reagan, Clinton)

Nationalism (Trump)

The question of leadership

What do all great powers want?

If the US doesn’t make the rules, will someone else?

WW II, Cold War, Anarchy?

Policies 1789-1945

Pre-WW II: US as a Regional Power

League of Nations decision

Post-WW II Choice: regional power or global power

Create and lead a Liberal-Democratic Order

Today: Biden: “Rules-based International System”

Explaining the Cold War

Realist explanation

Idealist explanation

The theory of Communism

The practice of Communism in the Soviet Union and China

Soviet economics – command economy

Lenin and Stalin

Mao Zedong

Economic Explanation

US post-war acceptance of internationalism

*Sestanovich’s concept of maximalist and retrenchment cycle

*Maximalist presidents

*retrenchment presidents

Cold War Policies

1. Anti-Soviet, Anti-Communist policy

*Truman’s definition of the threat and US role in the world

*Containment

*Greece and Turkey

*Truman Doctrine

*Soviet Bloc achievements 1945-1950

*Division of Europe – Iron Curtain

Premise: Someone will order the international system: US doesn’t want the USSR to do it

2. Bipolar Balance of Power

*NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

*Divided nations

*Spheres of Influence

3. Free Markets (see ppt slide)

US hope to spread free market capitalism

US belief that only free markets can guarantee political freedoms

Free trade leads to prosperity

Free trade leads to peace

International economic system created by the US

*Marshall Plan

IMF, World Bank, GATT

US economic system created in 1940s – its relationship to globalization today

Criticism: US only wanted to free markets so its companies had access to cheap land and cheap labor

US response to governments that threatened US economic interests?

Results of US economic system since 1945: greatest generation of wealth in world history

But not for everyone…

4. Democracy Building (sometimes)

A. Good News: Success in W. Europe and N.E. Asia

B. Bad News: US support for fascist dictators if they were anti-communist and capitalist (Realism?)

C. Worse News: Overthrowing democratically elected governments who lean too far to the left economically

*Iran 1953 (Eisenhower)

*Guatemala 1954 (Eisenhower)

*Chile 1973 (Nixon)

5. Deterrence

What would WW II look like?

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Deterrence

Nuclear Triad

Preventing action

Using threats

Credibility

Assured destruction (Mutual Assured Destruction)

Second strike capability

6. Regional Conflict

*US-Soviet competition

US and Soviet involvement in dividing nations, civil wars, military coup, revolution

Rules of regional conflict (2)

Why Total War cannot be fought

*Domino Theory

*Limited War

*Two limited wars

*Korea

*Vietnam

*Kennedy and Vietnam: Counterinsurgency policy

*Vietnam as a cold war struggle

*Vietnam as containment

*Domino Theory relating to Vietnam

*George Ball as a policy entrepreneur (Boucher et al.)

*Ball’s view of Vietnam

7. Multilateralism

Build global order

Use international law, alliances and institutions

UN

NATO

IMF, World Bank, GATT

Two Cold War Strategies

Strategy 1:Detente

Nixon-Kissinger and Detente

*Kissinger's and Nixon's shared beliefs (realism)

Why détente?

1. *Strategic Parity

Soviet buildup

Cuban Missile Crisis

2. *Sino-Soviet Split

*Mao Zedong

3. Vietnam Syndrome

Nixon Doctrine

*Detente as Containment

Detente as Balance of Power

Détente Policies:

1. SALT

Interim Agreement (its goal; no details needed)

ABM Treaty

2. *Triangular Diplomacy

*Taiwan vs. China

*Kissinger's secret trip to China, July 1971

*Shanghai Communique

Two Chinas or One China?

Ford- Carter and the Challenges for Detente

Iranian revolution and US hostage crisis

Iran as a US ally

The Shah

Iranian Revolution

*Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

*Mujahedin

*US support for Mujahedin

Arc of Crisis

*Brzezinski’s view of Iran and Afghanistan: Soviet threat

Carter’s new policies:

SALT II

Defense Buildup

*Iran Rescue Mission

Strategy 2: Reagan Doctrine

*Reagan's view of the world as he entered office

*Reagan anti-communist idealism vs. Nixon anti-Soviet realism

*Reagan’s view of detente

Reagan's view of the problems facing the US:

1. Third Wave of Marxism and response

Reagan Doctrine

*Offensive strategy

*Rollback of Soviet gains

*US support for Mujahedin

*rivalry in Mujahedin (Bacevich)

*Pakistan’s role

The Role of Congress

1. New Congressional power

War Powers Act

Clark Amendment

2. End of the foreign policy consensus

Iran-Contra

*Robert McFarlane as a policy entrepreneur

*Giving arms to Iran in exchange for hostages

*Money earned from the arms sales traded to the Contras in Nicaragua

*Oliver North (NSC Staff)

*Arms to Iran as regime change?

Disarray at Reagan’s NSC

*US aid to Contras

Congressional attempt to restrict aid (Boland Amendment)

Reagan response

Private funds

Foreign countries

Linkage of Contras and arms sales

*Oliver North

Hearings

Indictments and convictions

End of the Cold War:

Soviet Succession

Mikhail Gorbachev

New Thinking

*Economic restructuring (perestroika)

*Political freedoms (glasnost)

Ending the cold war

Ending the Arms race

End to regional conflict

Freeing of Eastern Europe

USSR collapses

15 republics

August 1991 Coup

Why did the Soviets begin reform?

Why did the Cold War end?