Review Sheet One
POLI/INTL 355
Spring 2023
The
exam will consist of two sections:
·
Short answers:
Choose 2 of 8-10. I will choose 8-10
terms from this review sheet and you will choose 2 of those to answer. I’m looking for 5-6 sentences that define the
term and tell me why it is important in the context of Chinese politics.
·
Essay: I will
write two essay questions. You will
choose one to answer. The essay
questions will be straightforward, but they are designed to make you think
about Chinese politics and to allow you to use your knowledge of Chinese
politics to answer the question.
·
You will have one
hour one hour and 15 minutes for the exam.
This
review looks big, but don't worry. If
you have come to class and done all the reading, nothing here should be new to
you. Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, form an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them
might be the subject of an essay. Usually, you can't explain a single term
without referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or
two things about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits
into the larger scheme of Chinese politics you're doing fine. Some terms, however,
are filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the
test, but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
If
you have questions, email or come to office hours, or make an appointment.
Terms
Political Culture and Political
Development
Dynastic record -- Imperial China
4,000 years of a unified China; 5,000
years of Chinese political culture
Centralized, authoritarian rule
*Order-chaos pattern
(centralization-decentralization-recentralization)
Warring States Period and Qin Dynasty
unification of China
What
if Rome never fell?
Mongol and Manchu invasion – foreign
invaders ruled as Chinese dynasties
Current CCP leaders understanding of
the political legacy of the dynastic periods
Fear
of decentralization that might lead to chaos
Nationalism
and a return to power for China
China as the center of the world
Isolation
from barbarians
Does
isolation lead to the fall of the dynasties?
Confucian political thought
Confucius (Kong Fu Zi)
Unity of political and social order
Hierarchy
Harmony
and balance
Emperor's role
Mandate
of Heaven
Factional
rivalries among ruling elites
Family role
Women's
role
Legalism (Han Fei)
Not harmony/balance, but order
Law enforcement
Strict imperial control
Large Bureaucracy: Its role
Control
Spread
of ideology
Taxes
*Influences
in Chinese political culture that still matter today (Shambaugh)
Creation of Modern Nation-State
Internal weaknesses
Qing Dynasty
Why was the fall of the Qing dynasty
the fall of Imperial China?
External forces
European and Japanese encroachment
Opium War (China vs. Britain)
"100
years of Humiliation"
Internal Forces
Nationalist Movement
Sun
Yat-Sen
Kuomintang
- KMT (Guomindang - GMD)
Republicanism
Three
Principles of the People
Communist movement
Qing falls; Republican era begins
Warlords and civil war
Chiang Kai-shek
KMT vs. CCP
Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Civil War
Communist Era
Order-chaos
fulfilled (chaos 1911-1949)?
But
new ideology created to rule next period of order
Mao Dynasty?
How Mao’s revolution is defined
The
importance of nationalism
Communism in China
Marx/Engels
Lenin
Mao
Peasant
revolution
Mass
Line
Campaigns/continuous
revolution
Government Structure
1. Dual structure
Party is more powerful than
government; party role for individuals is what gives them power
2. Factional and personal rivalries
Real power/decision making is at the very top
3. Formal vs. Informal
Formal structure (hierarchical pyramid of committees)
Work unit
Government structure
National People's Congress
NPC Standing Committee
State Council
Premier
Commissions
and ministries
Standing Committee of State Council
Judicial branch
Party structure
National Party Congress
Central Committee
*Politburo
Party
Secretariat
*General
Secretary
*Politburo Standing Committee
The
real power
Ranked
order of party leaders
Factional politics
Party role
counts, so factional debates are at level of party leadership
Mao era:
1949-1976: Mao vs. everyone else
fate of number 2 in party when
they challenged or seemed to challenge Mao
Reform
Era:
consensus
decision making:
conservatives
vs. reformers over the pace of reform
Factional
allies, loyalists, and power bases
Intra-party
democracy
Succession
process
Xi era: Xi wins
No
successor chosen
*Leading Small Groups
Public Policy -- Mao's China
*Remaking
China into a Communist state, a revolutionary state
*Constant
revolution
*A series
of campaigns
*Collectivization
*Industrialization
*Command Economy
*Dictatorship of the CCP – no rivals
allowed
*military belongs to the Party
Failure of Mao’s efforts
*Campaigns
The
elements of a campaign
*100 Flowers movement
*a
trap?
*Great Leap Forward
*Collectivization
*Experimentation
*The
results
*Mao
faces challengers over GLF
*factionalism
*Cultural Revolution
*Goals
*Four
Olds
*Red
Guards
*sent
to countryside
*Factionalism
*Fate of #2 in the Party
Death of Zhou Enlai
Death of Mao
*Succession and Factional battle
Gang of Four arrested
Deng Xiaoping consolidates power
Public Policy -- Deng's China
*Economics -- massive reform
*End of isolation
*No political challenges to CCP
*Consensus decisions at the top
*Fang-shou cycle (reform and
retrenchment cycle and factional politics
Economic reforms = economic freedoms:
what is the impact of that on politics?
*Tocqueville Paradox
Economics
*December 1978
*Priority of economic modernization
*Four
Modernizations
*Capitalist reforms
*End
of collectivization of agriculture
*agricultural
experiments that pre-date 1978
*Entrepreneurship
*Relaxed
planning
*state
owned enterprises still dominate (SOEs)
*open door trade policy
*Special Economic Zones
*Foreign Direct Investment
*Attracting Foreign Investment
*Export Power
Greater
Chinese Economy
*Pace of reforms: the new factional
battle
Speed
up vs. Slow down
The results of economic reform
*Economic Boom*entrepreneurship and
small businesses
*Greatest generation of wealth in
world history
*Modernization in special zones
*Inequality
*deterioration of infrastructure in
some places and new everything other places
*Social mobility
*Generational differences
*urbanization
*the boom and wealth in cities vs.
rural areas
Ideological justification for reforms
Four Cardinal Principles
*Deng Xiaoping Theory
CPC primacy
Why reform?
Impact
of cultural revolution
*Failure
of Mao’s economy
Lessons
of Japan and Four Tigers
Death of Mao
Politics
Three cases: 1978/79, 1986, 1989
·
Demands
for political reform followed economic reform
·
CCP
seemed to encourage limited debate on limited issues, but it clearly saw a
limit to that debate and crushed the debate/dissent/protests
·
Each
incident led to a factional battle about how to respond
Movements:
*Democracy Wall
*Wei
Jingsheng and the 5th Modernization
*1986 demonstrations
*Hu
Yaobang
*Tiananmen Square
*Zhao
Ziyang
*Li
Peng
Martial
law
June
4
Meaning of Tiananmen Square
Spring 1992 Southern Tour of Deng
Xiaoping
Message -- economic growth, but no
political change
Creation
of politically agnostic capitalists?
China's Future:
The Eras
The Party
Deng Xiaoping Theory as the current
ideology
*Socialist
market economy
economic modernization as priority
Nationalism
CPC
leadership
3rd and 4th
generation Leaders
Jiang Zemin
Hu Jintao
Big Political Issues Evolution from
3rd Generation (Jiang/Hu) to 5th Generation (Xi)
Reformers in 3rd and 4th
Generation (Jiang/Hu)
1. *Collective Leadership
2. *Intra-Party democracy
3. *No personality cult
4. *Some tolerance of debate and dissent
5. *Terms limits for leaders/retirement age
6. *Elections at lower levels is some cases
*Conservatives under Xi
1. *Xi in control
2. *Xi in control
3. *Yes, cult of Xi
4. *Very little tolerance of debate/dissent
5. *Ending term limits as needed
6. *Election rules/requirement tweaked to favor Party choices
*Liu Xiaobo and Charter 08 (Crossing
the line)
*Xi Jinping’s rule
The Party
*Xi as core leader
*No successor chosen
*as a “Third Revolution”
Historic Resolution November 2021
Xi’s Ideology
1. *Anti-corruption
To
maintain legitimacy
2. Anti-western
Confucianism
for legitimacy
Confucianism
as an alternative to western ideology globally
3.
Greater
Party Control
*Crackdown on speech, dissent, ideas
Greater economic controls
4.
Chinese Dream of National Rejuvenation
Deng:
low profile
*Xi’s
Chinese Dream
*Rich
nation; powerful nation
*Dilemma:
alienate the region
*South
China Sea and Nine Dash Line
*
Belt and Road Initiative
*desire for Great Power Status
*2008 western recession as
“inflection point”
*Belt and Road Initiative
*South China Sea claims
*Trade policy: leadership and tying
nations to China (AIIB, RCEP)
*China as alternative model/leader
4. Campaigns to Mobilize
Xi
Jinping App
*Great
Firewall of China
*Great
Cannon
*instead
of blocking information, manipulating it, overwhelming it with pro-Xi, pro-CPC
50
Cent Army
Social
Credit System
Web
resistance
Winnie
the Pooh
Grass
Mud Horse
The Economy
State Capitalism and Beijing
Consensus
*Economic growth forever?
impact of slow growth/recession?
Can economic growth last forever?
What happens if it doesn’t?
The relationship between economic
growth or lack of growth and political change
Great Depression and politics
1997 East Asian recession and
politics
Economic problems
*SOEs
*zombie
SOEs
*Labor unrest/mass incidents
*Corruption
*migrant worker problems
Political Development
*Emphasis on stability
Can you create politically agnostic capitalists?
The Singapore model
“Guided
democracy”
Democratic Transition Model
Taiwan
example
Add
economic/political crisis
*Chinese model of authoritarian
capitalism
Hong Kong Protests: Lesson for the
future?
HK and one country; two systems
Umbrella Movement
2019 and Extradition Law
National Security Law
Fate of Demosisto
Arrests in 2021 over election primaries in 2020