HSEP
301 (POLI/CRJS 367)
Fall
2020
Review
1
This
looks big, but don't worry. If you have
come to class, or viewed the lectures, and done all the reading, nothing here
should be new to you.
Also, though there are a lot of
terms, obviously, not each one of them is the subject of an essay. These terms,
in order, are an outline of everything we've done so far. A group of them might
be the subject of an essay, or maybe a comparison between one president's
foreign policy and another. Usually, you can't explain a single term without
referring to the terms next to it. So, really, if you can say one or two things
about each term and how it relates to the terms around it and fits into the
larger scheme of US foreign policy you're doing fine. Some terms, however, are
filled with enough significance to be short answers/identifications on the test
(four or five sentences), but you'll be able to figure out which ones.
Remember that you have the PPT
slides. They are a version of this review sheet.
Terms
with (*) in front of them may not have been included in the lectures, but were
discussed, at length, in the readings.
This
a take home exam. The following instructions are the same as on the syllabus.
You have roughly two days to complete the exam.
It will consist of two parts:
·
Part 1: Short
Answers: Choose 2 of 8 (or more): (20
points each; roughly one half of a page): I’ll have a list of terms taken
directly from the review sheet. Define the term and tell me why it’s important
in the context of US foreign policy.
·
Part 2: Essay:
Choose 1 of 2 (maybe 3): (60 points;
roughly 3-4 pages). Each essay has
several parts to it. Make sure to do all
parts of the essay. There are choices even within the essay, so make sure you
read the directions. A part of an essay may say “choose 3 of 5.” Don’t do all five.
You have roughly two days to complete the exam.
It will consist of two parts:
·
Part 1: Short
Answers: Choose 2 of 8 (or more): (20
points each; roughly one half of a page): I’ll have a list of terms taken
directly from the review sheet. Define the term and tell me why it’s important
in the context of US foreign policy.
·
Part 2: Essay:
Choose 1 of 2 (maybe 3): (60 points;
roughly 3-4 pages). Each essay has
several parts to it. Make sure to do all
parts of the essay. There are choices even within the essay, so make sure you
read the directions. A part of an essay may say “choose 3 of 5.” Don’t do all five.
How does a take home exam work?
·
The midterm will be placed in the Course Documents folder
on October 7 at about 9:00 AM. Due by midnight on October 8 (as
October 8 becomes October 9, but that deadline is a soft one; don't sweat an
extra hour or so).
·
Type or write the exam.
·
Either way, email me a file or pdf or even jpeg of the written
answers by the deadline
·
11- or 12-point font
·
One-inch margins
·
Double-spaced
·
Please use your name is the name of the file you send
me. I’d be happiest if you named the file like this: Your name Exam
1 HSEP 301 or POLI 367 (so if it was my exam, it would be Newmann Exam 1 HSEP
301)
·
The exam is open notes (so you can use your notes, the book, the
review sheet, and the PPT slides
·
I do not expect any outside research on this at all
·
Each question has a specific page number target. You can go
over the limit, not a problem, but don’t go too far over the limit. You don’t
need to.
·
I think two to three hours will be enough time
for you to write the exam and do well. You can take more time of course, as
much as you need. The point here is that I don't think you end to spend
hours and hours.
·
It might be helpful to read the questions, then review your notes,
and the review sheet. Maybe make an outline of the essay. And then start
to write.
·
As always, the review sheets should be very helpful. You can use
the review sheets while you take the exam. It might be a good organizational
tool.
·
Feel free to email me questions if you have them, but as usual,
there are limits to how I can help you.
And, important:
·
Sharing this exam with anyone outside the class is a violation of
the VCU Honor Code
·
Working with another student in the class or anyone else while you
take this exam is a violation of the VCU Honor Code
·
As with any take home,
the plagiarism rules that exist for research papers apply
here. Your exams must be your written work. I will run this through the
standard plagiarism programs as I do with all research papers
Defining Terrorism
*The French Revolution definition
*Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will
activities and purpose)
*Skirmishers
*The range of official definitions
*Hoffman’s definition
*Terrorists reject the rules of war
Modern Definition
1.
*Political Agenda
*Terrorism is agenda setting
Success of Palestinian terrorism in
agenda setting
2.
Violence as the method
*Terrorism as a weapon of the weak
*Asymmetric warfare
*Attacking the enemy by causing it
pain and creating fear
Al-Qaeda’s hope: US will feel the
pain/fear and withdraw from the Middle East or US will overreact and incite
greater resistance to US in the region and globally
The Terrorist Logic (from PPT slide)
Madrid Bombing 2004
3.
*Civilians as targets
*Civilian as audience and civilian as
target
4.
*Publicity
*choice of targets (Hoffman)
5.
*Non-State Actors?
Key Issues
Terrorism as crime vs. terrorism as
warfare
Categories/Typologies for terrorist groups
Ideological
Ethno-national
Narco-terrorism
Religious nationalism
Differences between the different
types
Why a typology is useful for
counterterrorism
Current trends
Religious nationalism
Development of weapons of mass
destruction capability
Globalization’s role
impact
of global travel
impact
of global finance
impact
of global communication
Independence of terrorist groups
state-sponsored
vs. independent groups
Terrorist network structures
Does terrorism work? Arguments for
and against
On not confusing ends (political
goals) with means (methods of achieving those goals)
History of Terrorism
Terrorism is not new
Zealots, assassins, thugs
*First Wave of modern terrorism
*assassinations
*as revolutionary (up until WW I)
Second Wave
*anti-colonial
Ethnonationalism
*Palestine
*Menachem Begin
*Irgun
*Goals? Success?
*Algeria
*FLN
*Urban Trrorism
*Goals? Success?
Third Wave
*State-sponsored terrorism (Hoffman)
*Leftist groups in Europe and Japan
*RAF (Baader-Meinhof Group)
*PLO as tutor
Soviet role
*PLO goals and strategy
*internationalization strategy
*Black September Organization and
1972 Munich Olympics
*Publicity equals success?
Fourth Wave
Global and religious
*The range of religious terrorist
attacks in the 1990s (Hoffman)
*Characteristics of religious
terrorism
*believing it is self-defense in the
terrorist’s narrative
desire for mass casualties
*Jewish extremism: Kach and Meir
Kahane
*Aum Shinrikyo
*White Supremacists Christians in US
(Timothy McVeigh, see below)
*Salafist Radical Terrorism
*Wahhabi ideas
*Qutb
*AQ vs. Muslim Brotherhood
*The religious roots: Saudi Arabia
and Qutb’s role
Iranian revolution
*Afghan war vs. Soviets
*“Jihadis” or non-Afghans who came to
Afghanistan
*alliance against the USSR and
backing for mujahadin
*role of US, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan
*role of Madrassas (Saudi funded
religious schools)
*Soviet defeat: all the vets of the
Afghan war go home and launch local “jihad” against their governments
*Taliban
Have a strong knowledge of the PPT
Figure on the Origins of Fourth Wave Terrorism
*Radical Islamic Ideology
Where transnationalists and
nationalists share ideas
Where Transnationalists and
nationalists disagree
Example of each type
Fifth Wave
Lone Wolves
Characteristics
*and the internet
Al-Qaeda
Origins, Objectives, Doctrines
*In Afghanistan
*The anti-Soviet alliance
*mujahedin
*The foreign fighters or “Jihadis”
*The jihadi recruitment organization
run by bin-Laden
*Abdullah Azzam
*AQ’s founding
The 1990 Gulf War and Bin-Laden’s
offer to Saudi Arabia
Saudi King turns him down, throws him
out
*in Sudan
*Goals in Middle East
*Global goal: recreation of the
caliphate
*1998 fatwa
*Ideological influence of Sayyid Qutb
*Influence of Muslim Brotherhood in
Egypt
*AQ and the Taliban
Leadership and leadership structure
*Osama bin-Laden’s background
*Ayman al-Zawahiri background
*Decentralization, regional nodes,
cells
*Central leadership
*Cells
*Regional nodes and entrepreneurship
Corporate/Hierarchical vs. network
model
Types of networks
*Links to regional groups
*global
reach of Al-Qaeda
*Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
*different level of affiliations with
AQ
Support for Al-Qaeda
*Training of recruits
*method of recruiting
*where does AQ recruit?
*use of civil wars as training
ground: Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria
Ethnic makeup of membership
*Funding
Hawala
*infiltration
of Islamic charities
*cost of operations (expensive or
cheap?) (Hoffman)
*In Sudan
*In alliance with Taliban
Strategy and Tactics
*The Debate: Near or Far Enemy
*Why attack the US?
*AQ strategies (Byman)
*attrition
*undermine morale
*Naji: The Management of Savagery
Tactics
*and suicide bombing
*and lone wolves
*Operations: Hit the US
*Create global network to match US
global reach
*Maximize casualty level
*Lessons
of Beirut 1983 and Somalia 1993
*1993 Trade Center attack
*Embassy attacks 1998
*Khalid Sheikh Mohammad (KSM) and
9/11
AQ Evolution
*The Iraq War
*AQI
*Saudi citizens and AQ vs. Saudi
government and AQ
*AQ Affiliates
*AQAP
*AQIM
*AQ “franchise” concept
*Evolution of AQAM since 2001 in
terms of style of organization and strategy (the very colorful PPT slide)
*ISIS/ISIL/Daesh
*al-Baghdadi
*Zarqawi
*ISIS vs. AQ
*Jabhat al-Nusra (al-Nusra Front, AQ
affiliate in Syria)
*ISIS goals
Who and Why
Lecture
Why do some organizations and
individuals Choose terrorism as a strategy?
1. Strategic or Instrumental Model
(Rational Choice)
cost-benefit analysis
when is violence a “rational” choice?
as a response to repression of
minority group: LTTE or Hezbollah
Asymmetric warfare
Palestinian terrorism after 1967
Impact of Six Day War on Islamic
radical ideologues
2. Realist Model
Power matters
Demonstrating your power
3. Democracy as a factor
Debate on whether Democracies produce
terrorists
as targets
authoritarian states as the breeding
ground for terrorists
negotiating an end to terrorism with
democracies
4. Ethno-nationalism
5. Expectation-Frustration-Aggression
Davies J-Curve
6.Resource Mobilization Theory
Who joins a terrorist group and why?
Leaders vs. Members
1. *Poverty and Lack of Education
thesis
terrorists: above average education
and income for their nations
Demographic profile of a terrorist
2. Ideology
3. Economic Factors
underemployment/over-education
4. Transitions
5. Alienation, humiliation, identity
grievance
Significance Quest Theory
6. Social networks
socialization
7. Prison, torture, revenge
8. *money
Suicide attacks
Attacks vs. Deaths
Reasons why suicide attacks are used (discussed
in class)
*Rivalry between terrorist groups
*LTTE innovations
Worst-case
scenarios considered; Why?
Terrorist groups
interested in
Some groups want
mass casualties
Religious-based
terrorist groups
Groups must want
mass casualties (why some will and some won’t)
Acquiring materials
Weaponization
Delivery
Not getting caught
Chemical weapons
Aum and Sarin 1995
Biological Weapons
Types of biological
weapons
Key factors:
Legality and legitimacy of research
Transmission of disease
Recent Use
Aum Shinrikyo
Al-Qaeda
Anthrax 2001
Nuclear Weapons
Who has them; who
wants them
How terrorists
might get a bomb
Pakistan as a
source and a worst case scenario
Why nations would
or would not give WMD to a terrorist organization (Know the PPT slide on this)
Cyber terrorism
Definition
Vulnerability of
infrastructure
Cyberspace
Estonia 1997
Hypothetical cyber
attacks
Methods
DDOS
The range of
threats
Hacktivism
Cyber crime
Cyber espionage
Cyber War
Cyber terrorism
AQ’s program
Two Key questions
1. Can you do significant
damage with a cyber attack?
Significant damage?
But example of 2010 Volcano on
Europe
2. What benefit would a
terrorist group get out of it?
Is a cyber attack better than a
bomb?
Cyber attacks as an
adjunct to conventional attacks