CLASSICAL SCHOOL

1. Individuals come together and contract to form a society. They rationally survey gains and losses and come to a deliberative agreement to live together in society, each giving up something in order to get other benefits in return.

2. Human will is a psychological reality, a faculty or trait of the individual  which regulates andcontrols behavior. God, the Devil, and nature can influence the will.

3. A variety of different impulses, desires, or drives lead individuals to form socities (peace,  hunger, sex, social needs, companionship, fear).

4. The principal instrument for control is fear, especially fear of pain.

5. Punishment (pain, humiliation, disgrace) is the principal method of creating the fear necessary to influence the will and thus to control behavior.

6. Society has the right to punish the individual and the state has the exclusive right to execute the individual.

7. A system of punishments for forbidden acts is necessary for deterrence.
 

Cesare Bonesana, Marchese de Beccaria (1735-1795)
 
 

NEO-CLASSICAL SCHOOL

MODIFICATIONS OF FREE WILL THEORY

2. Premeditation accepted as a measure of free will

3. Acceptance of the concept of partial responsibility

4. Acceptance of pathology, incompetence and insanity as preventing the operation of free will
 
 

BIOLOGICAL POSITIVIST SCHOOL

Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909)

1. Born

2. Insane

3. Epileptics

4. Criminaloids

1. Born

2. Passion

3. Insane

4. Habitual

5. Occasional
 

1. Death

2. Partial elimination

3. Enforced separation